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Senin, 01 Juni 2009
Minggu, 31 Mei 2009
Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation
Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
Kind of gratitude expression are :
ღ Thank you very much.
ღ Thanks.
ღ I want to thank.
ღ I want to express my gratitude to……..
ღ I keep forgetting to thank you for…….
Respon of expressing :
ღ You are welcome.
ღ Don’t mention it.
ღ Not at all
ღ It was nothing at all.
ღ No problem
ღ Glad to be of help.
ღ (it was) my pleasure.
ღ I’m glad I could help.
ღ I’m glad I could do it.
ღ I’m glad I could be of help.
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
- What a nice dress.
- You look great.
- You look very nice.
- I really must express my admiration for you………
- Good grades.
- Excellent.
- Nice work.
Time to express compliment :
- On his/her general appearance.
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
- When you visit someone’s hous for the first time.
-When other people do their best.
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
- Let me congratulate you.
- Congratulations on you successful business.
- My congratulations on your success.
- Congratulations on your promotion.
- Good!
- Tha’s great!
- Isn’t that wonderful!
- How fortunate.
- Splendid!
- Pretty good!
Responding :
· Thank you.
· Thanks, I needed that.
· That’s very kind of you.
· It’s very kind of you to say that.
· Do you really think so?
· You’ve made my day!
· The same to you.
· I’m glad you like it.
· Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.
Gratitude is expression that used to said thank you to other people.
Kind of gratitude expression are :
ღ Thank you very much.
ღ Thanks.
ღ I want to thank.
ღ I want to express my gratitude to……..
ღ I keep forgetting to thank you for…….
Respon of expressing :
ღ You are welcome.
ღ Don’t mention it.
ღ Not at all
ღ It was nothing at all.
ღ No problem
ღ Glad to be of help.
ღ (it was) my pleasure.
ღ I’m glad I could help.
ღ I’m glad I could do it.
ღ I’m glad I could be of help.
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to better up someday or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Expressing :
- What a nice dress.
- You look great.
- You look very nice.
- I really must express my admiration for you………
- Good grades.
- Excellent.
- Nice work.
Time to express compliment :
- On his/her general appearance.
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
- When you visit someone’s hous for the first time.
-When other people do their best.
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Expressing :
- Let me congratulate you.
- Congratulations on you successful business.
- My congratulations on your success.
- Congratulations on your promotion.
- Good!
- Tha’s great!
- Isn’t that wonderful!
- How fortunate.
- Splendid!
- Pretty good!
Responding :
· Thank you.
· Thanks, I needed that.
· That’s very kind of you.
· It’s very kind of you to say that.
· Do you really think so?
· You’ve made my day!
· The same to you.
· I’m glad you like it.
· Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so.
Surprises and Disbeliefs
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
ツ What a surprises?
ツ That’s very surpising!
ツ Really?
ツOh, no…………..
ツ Are you serious?
ツ What?
ツ That’s unbelieveble!
ツ Fancy that!
ツ You’re kidding!
ツ I find that hard to believe.
Surprising amazement of something :
ツ Fantastic!
ツ How marvelous/beautiful!
ツ It’s very interesting!
ツ It’s great!
ツ It’s terrific!
ツ Wow, that’s amazing!
ツ Wonderful!
ツ What a nice……
ツ What a lovely flower!
ツ Hey, that’s really terrific!
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to expressomething that we can’t believe or impossible.
Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
ツ What a surprises?
ツ That’s very surpising!
ツ Really?
ツOh, no…………..
ツ Are you serious?
ツ What?
ツ That’s unbelieveble!
ツ Fancy that!
ツ You’re kidding!
ツ I find that hard to believe.
Surprising amazement of something :
ツ Fantastic!
ツ How marvelous/beautiful!
ツ It’s very interesting!
ツ It’s great!
ツ It’s terrific!
ツ Wow, that’s amazing!
ツ Wonderful!
ツ What a nice……
ツ What a lovely flower!
ツ Hey, that’s really terrific!
Advertisement
Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it well attract them to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
Function Of Advertisement :
ツ Promotion
ツ Communication
ツ Information
In making an advertisement, keep the following points :
A. Language of advertisement :
ツ Using the Correct or suitable words
ツUsing the interesting and suggestive expressions
ツ Using positif expressions
ツText of advertisement should be directed to the goal
B. Content of advertisement :
ツ Objective and honest
ツ Brief and Clear
ツ Not allude group or other producer
Kinds Of Advertisement :
ツFamily advertisement
ツ Invitation advertisement
ツ News advertisement
ツ Good advertisement
Media Of Advertisement :
ツNewspaper ツ Radio
ツ Tabloid ツ Television
ツ Magazine ツ Billboard
Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it well attract them to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
Function Of Advertisement :
ツ Promotion
ツ Communication
ツ Information
In making an advertisement, keep the following points :
A. Language of advertisement :
ツ Using the Correct or suitable words
ツUsing the interesting and suggestive expressions
ツ Using positif expressions
ツText of advertisement should be directed to the goal
B. Content of advertisement :
ツ Objective and honest
ツ Brief and Clear
ツ Not allude group or other producer
Kinds Of Advertisement :
ツFamily advertisement
ツ Invitation advertisement
ツ News advertisement
ツ Good advertisement
Media Of Advertisement :
ツNewspaper ツ Radio
ツ Tabloid ツ Television
ツ Magazine ツ Billboard
Narrative text
The story you’ve just heard is a narrative text. Someone tells a narrative text in order to entertain, stimulate emotion or to teach.
The general structure of narrative text are :
ツ The orientation
Sets the scene and introduces the participans.
ツ Complication
The problem happened in the story.
ツ Resolution
The crisis is resolved, for better or worse.
ツ Re-orientation
The ending of the story.
ツ Evaluation (optional)
A stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story.
The narrative text uses of temporal conjuction
Example : Once upon a time, before, after, etc.
ツ Example of narrative text :
- Fable : Mousedeer, Crocodile, etc.
- Legent : Sangkuriang, Malinkundang, etc.
- Fairy : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
Example of Narrative text :
ღ Cinderella ღ
Once upon a time there lived an unhappy young girl. Her mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All her kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. Nothing was too good for them - dresses, shoes, delicious food, soft beds, and every home comfort. But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters’ hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No rest and no comfort. She had to work hard all day. Only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella.
Cinderella used to spend long hours all alone talking to the cat. The cat said, “Miaow“, which really meant, “Cheer up! You have something neither of your stepsisters has and that is beauty.” It was quite true. Cinderella, even dressed in old rags, was a lovely girl. While her stepsisters, no matter how splendid and elegant their clothes, were still clumsy, lumpy and ugly and always would be.
One day, beautiful new dresses arrived at the house. A ball was to be held at the palace and the stepsisters were getting ready to go. Cinderella didn't even dare ask if she could go too. She knew very well what the answer would be: “You? You're staying at home to wash the dishes, scrub the floors and turn down the beds for your stepsisters.” They will come home tired and very sleepy. Cinderella sighed, “Oh dear, I'm so unhappy!” and the cat murmured “Miaow.”
Suddenly something amazing happened. As Cinderella was sitting all alone, there was a burst of light and a fairy appeared. “Don't be alarmed, Cinderella,” said the fairy. “I know you would love to go to the ball. And so you shall!” “How can I, dressed in rags?” Cinderella replied. “The servants will turn me away!”
The fairy smiled. With a flick of her magic wand Cinderella found herself wearing the most beautiful dress she had ever seen. “Now for your coach,” said the fairy; "A real lady would never go to a ball on foot! Quick! Get me a pumpkin!” “Oh of course,” said Cinderella, rushing away. Then the fairy turned to the cat. “You, bring me seven mice, and, remember they must be alive!”
Cinderella soon returned with the pumpkin and the cat with seven mice he had caught in the cellar. With a flick of the magic wand the pumpkin turned into a sparkling coach and the mice became six white horses, while the seventh mouse turned into a coachman in a smart uniform and carrying a whip. Cinderella could hardly believe her eyes.
“You shall go to the ball Cinderella. But remember! You must leave at midnight. That is when my spell ends. Your coach will turn back into a pumpkin and the horses will become mice again. You will be dressed in rags and wearing clogs instead of these glass slippers! Do you understand?” Cinderella smiled and said, “Yes, I understand!”
Cinderella had a wonderful time at the ball until she heard the first stroke of midnight! She remembered what the fairy had said, and without a word of goodbye she slipped from the Prince’s arms and ran down the steps. As she ran she lost one of her slippers, but not for a moment did she dream of stopping to pick it up! If the last stroke of midnight were to sound... oh... what a disaster that would be! Out she fled and vanished into the night.
The Prince, who was now madly in love with her, picked up the slipper and said to his ministers, “Go and search everywhere for the girl whose foot this slipper fits. I will never be content until I find her!” So the ministers tried the slipper on the foot of every girl in the land until only Cinderella was left.
“That awful untidy girl simply cannot have been at the ball,” snapped the stepmother. “Tell the Prince he ought to marry one of my two daughters! Can't you see how ugly Cinderella is?”
But, to everyone’s amazement, the shoe fitted perfectly.
Suddenly the fairy appeared and waved her magic wand. In a flash, Cinderella appeared in a splendid dress, shining with youth and beauty. Her stepmother and stepsisters gaped at her in amazement, and the ministers said, “Come with us Cinderella! The Prince is waiting for you.“
So Cinderella married the Prince and lived happily ever. As for the cat, he just said “Miaow!”
The story you’ve just heard is a narrative text. Someone tells a narrative text in order to entertain, stimulate emotion or to teach.
The general structure of narrative text are :
ツ The orientation
Sets the scene and introduces the participans.
ツ Complication
The problem happened in the story.
ツ Resolution
The crisis is resolved, for better or worse.
ツ Re-orientation
The ending of the story.
ツ Evaluation (optional)
A stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story.
The narrative text uses of temporal conjuction
Example : Once upon a time, before, after, etc.
ツ Example of narrative text :
- Fable : Mousedeer, Crocodile, etc.
- Legent : Sangkuriang, Malinkundang, etc.
- Fairy : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
Example of Narrative text :
ღ Cinderella ღ
Once upon a time there lived an unhappy young girl. Her mother was dead and her father had married a widow with two daughters. Her stepmother didn't like her one little bit. All her kind thoughts and loving touches were for her own daughters. Nothing was too good for them - dresses, shoes, delicious food, soft beds, and every home comfort. But, for the poor unhappy girl, there was nothing at all. No dresses, only her stepsisters’ hand-me-downs. No lovely dishes, nothing but scraps. No rest and no comfort. She had to work hard all day. Only when evening came was she allowed to sit for a while by the fire, near the cinders. That’s why everybody called her Cinderella.
Cinderella used to spend long hours all alone talking to the cat. The cat said, “Miaow“, which really meant, “Cheer up! You have something neither of your stepsisters has and that is beauty.” It was quite true. Cinderella, even dressed in old rags, was a lovely girl. While her stepsisters, no matter how splendid and elegant their clothes, were still clumsy, lumpy and ugly and always would be.
One day, beautiful new dresses arrived at the house. A ball was to be held at the palace and the stepsisters were getting ready to go. Cinderella didn't even dare ask if she could go too. She knew very well what the answer would be: “You? You're staying at home to wash the dishes, scrub the floors and turn down the beds for your stepsisters.” They will come home tired and very sleepy. Cinderella sighed, “Oh dear, I'm so unhappy!” and the cat murmured “Miaow.”
Suddenly something amazing happened. As Cinderella was sitting all alone, there was a burst of light and a fairy appeared. “Don't be alarmed, Cinderella,” said the fairy. “I know you would love to go to the ball. And so you shall!” “How can I, dressed in rags?” Cinderella replied. “The servants will turn me away!”
The fairy smiled. With a flick of her magic wand Cinderella found herself wearing the most beautiful dress she had ever seen. “Now for your coach,” said the fairy; "A real lady would never go to a ball on foot! Quick! Get me a pumpkin!” “Oh of course,” said Cinderella, rushing away. Then the fairy turned to the cat. “You, bring me seven mice, and, remember they must be alive!”
Cinderella soon returned with the pumpkin and the cat with seven mice he had caught in the cellar. With a flick of the magic wand the pumpkin turned into a sparkling coach and the mice became six white horses, while the seventh mouse turned into a coachman in a smart uniform and carrying a whip. Cinderella could hardly believe her eyes.
“You shall go to the ball Cinderella. But remember! You must leave at midnight. That is when my spell ends. Your coach will turn back into a pumpkin and the horses will become mice again. You will be dressed in rags and wearing clogs instead of these glass slippers! Do you understand?” Cinderella smiled and said, “Yes, I understand!”
Cinderella had a wonderful time at the ball until she heard the first stroke of midnight! She remembered what the fairy had said, and without a word of goodbye she slipped from the Prince’s arms and ran down the steps. As she ran she lost one of her slippers, but not for a moment did she dream of stopping to pick it up! If the last stroke of midnight were to sound... oh... what a disaster that would be! Out she fled and vanished into the night.
The Prince, who was now madly in love with her, picked up the slipper and said to his ministers, “Go and search everywhere for the girl whose foot this slipper fits. I will never be content until I find her!” So the ministers tried the slipper on the foot of every girl in the land until only Cinderella was left.
“That awful untidy girl simply cannot have been at the ball,” snapped the stepmother. “Tell the Prince he ought to marry one of my two daughters! Can't you see how ugly Cinderella is?”
But, to everyone’s amazement, the shoe fitted perfectly.
Suddenly the fairy appeared and waved her magic wand. In a flash, Cinderella appeared in a splendid dress, shining with youth and beauty. Her stepmother and stepsisters gaped at her in amazement, and the ministers said, “Come with us Cinderella! The Prince is waiting for you.“
So Cinderella married the Prince and lived happily ever. As for the cat, he just said “Miaow!”
Modals in the Past Form
Modal auxiliaries atau auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu yang mempunyai arti berbeda-beda dan digunakan untuk mengindikasikan suatu hal yang potensial atau yang tidak pasti
Modals in the past are :
ღ Could.
ღ Might.
ღ Would.
ღ Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
ღ To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
ღ To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
ღ For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
ღ Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
ღ To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
ღ To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
ღ To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
ღ To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”
Vera : “Yes, of course.”
Modal auxiliaries atau auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu yang mempunyai arti berbeda-beda dan digunakan untuk mengindikasikan suatu hal yang potensial atau yang tidak pasti
Modals in the past are :
ღ Could.
ღ Might.
ღ Would.
ღ Should.
The formula of Modals in the past form :
1. COULD + VERB BASE.
ღ To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”
ღ To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”
2. WOULD + VERB BASE.
ღ For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”
ღ Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”
ღ To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Reva : “No, not at all.”
3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
ღ To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.
4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
ღ To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”
ღ To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”
Vera : “Yes, of course.”
Direct speech and Indirect speech
Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")
ツ Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”
ツ Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)
Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.
In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.
3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")
ツ Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”
ツ Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.
There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)
Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.
2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.
3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.
In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.
2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.
3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Descriptive Text
ツ Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing. It focuses on specific participants. The description includes parts, qualities and characteristics.
ツ Structure of the text
a. Identification => Introduces person, thing, or place that will be describe/ identification of the
things.
b. Description => Describe of things, person, or place.
Mostly, description uses the simple present tense but sometimes it uses the simple past tense when the person, thing, or place that is talked about no longer exist.
ツ Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing. It focuses on specific participants. The description includes parts, qualities and characteristics.
ツ Structure of the text
a. Identification => Introduces person, thing, or place that will be describe/ identification of the
things.
b. Description => Describe of things, person, or place.
Mostly, description uses the simple present tense but sometimes it uses the simple past tense when the person, thing, or place that is talked about no longer exist.
Simple Present Tense
ღ Untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yg terjadi hari ini, atau perbuatan yang terjadi saat ini, atau kejadian yang berulang kali/ kebiasaan sehari-hari.
ღ Formula :
ღ S + to be (am, is, are) + …
ღ S + V1 + ( s/es ) + …
Example :
• She is very happy
• He is diligent student
• I am lazy
• You are student
• He goes school every morning
• She does her homework
• Ani cooks in the kitchen
• They study English every week
• You can come to my house
ღ Simple Present Tense :
a. Verbal Sentence
Form:
( + ) S + V1 ( s/es ) + O
( - ) S + do/does + V1 + O
( ? ) do/does + S + V1 + O
Example :
( + ) She does her homework.
( - ) She does not her homework.
( ? ) Does she do homework?
b. Nominal sentence/ Noun Verbal Sentence
Form :
( + ) S + to be (am, is, are) + …
( - ) S + to be (any, is, are ) + not + …
( ? ) To be (am, is, are) + S + … ?
Example :
( + ) She is very happy.
( - ) She is not very happy.
( ? ) Is she very happy ?
ღ Untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan, peristiwa, atau kejadian yg terjadi hari ini, atau perbuatan yang terjadi saat ini, atau kejadian yang berulang kali/ kebiasaan sehari-hari.
ღ Formula :
ღ S + to be (am, is, are) + …
ღ S + V1 + ( s/es ) + …
Example :
• She is very happy
• He is diligent student
• I am lazy
• You are student
• He goes school every morning
• She does her homework
• Ani cooks in the kitchen
• They study English every week
• You can come to my house
ღ Simple Present Tense :
a. Verbal Sentence
Form:
( + ) S + V1 ( s/es ) + O
( - ) S + do/does + V1 + O
( ? ) do/does + S + V1 + O
Example :
( + ) She does her homework.
( - ) She does not her homework.
( ? ) Does she do homework?
b. Nominal sentence/ Noun Verbal Sentence
Form :
( + ) S + to be (am, is, are) + …
( - ) S + to be (any, is, are ) + not + …
( ? ) To be (am, is, are) + S + … ?
Example :
( + ) She is very happy.
( - ) She is not very happy.
( ? ) Is she very happy ?
News Item
News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
ღ Action verbs.
ღ Verbal verbs.
ღ Mental verbs.
ღ Temporal circumstances.
ღ Spatial circumstances.
ღ Specific participants.
The Structure of the text consist of three parts :
1. Newsworthy Event : Recount the events is summary form.
2. Background Event : Elaborate what happened, to whom and in what circumstances.
3. Source : Comments by participants in witnesses to, and authorities expert on the Event.
Example of News item :
This is news today. This morning, December 10, 2007. Many people marched on jl. Slamet Riyadi, Solo, Commemorating the International human rights’ day. They stated their resistance on any human rights violation. They also wrote their resistance on some banners.
News item text is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.
The generic structure of News item :
Headline.
Correspondence.
Newsworthy events :
Recounts the event in summary form.
Background events :
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources :
Comments by participants in, witness to and authorities expert on the event.
Linguistic features :
ღ Action verbs.
ღ Verbal verbs.
ღ Mental verbs.
ღ Temporal circumstances.
ღ Spatial circumstances.
ღ Specific participants.
The Structure of the text consist of three parts :
1. Newsworthy Event : Recount the events is summary form.
2. Background Event : Elaborate what happened, to whom and in what circumstances.
3. Source : Comments by participants in witnesses to, and authorities expert on the Event.
Example of News item :
This is news today. This morning, December 10, 2007. Many people marched on jl. Slamet Riyadi, Solo, Commemorating the International human rights’ day. They stated their resistance on any human rights violation. They also wrote their resistance on some banners.
Finite Verbs
♥ A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
♥ The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.
I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.
To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.
In most Indo-European languages, every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
♥ A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
♥ The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.
I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.
To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.
In most Indo-European languages, every grammatically complete sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases or minor sentences. In Latin and some Romance languages, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin ecce, Portuguese eis, French voici and voilà, and Italian ecco, all of these translatable as here ... is or here ... are. Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:
• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
Naun pharase
ღ Naun pharase : Is constraction function as subject and object (Ungkapan Untuk menyatakan suatu benda).
ღ Kinds of noun pharases :
ツ Noun + Noun
Example : Office Boy
ツ Verb + Noun
Example : Take a bed
ツ Gerund + Noun
Example : Throwing ball
ツ Pronound + Noun
Example : My Book
ツ Adjective + Noun
Example : Black Board
ツ Determiner + Noun
Example : A pen
ღ The noun pharases in English composed potentially 3 parts. There are :
ツ Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun pharase.
ツ Premodification : Consist of a number of word classes in a specific order.
ツ Post Modification : Must commonly fill sec not by specific word classes or subclasses.
ღ Naun pharase : Is constraction function as subject and object (Ungkapan Untuk menyatakan suatu benda).
ღ Kinds of noun pharases :
ツ Noun + Noun
Example : Office Boy
ツ Verb + Noun
Example : Take a bed
ツ Gerund + Noun
Example : Throwing ball
ツ Pronound + Noun
Example : My Book
ツ Adjective + Noun
Example : Black Board
ツ Determiner + Noun
Example : A pen
ღ The noun pharases in English composed potentially 3 parts. There are :
ツ Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun pharase.
ツ Premodification : Consist of a number of word classes in a specific order.
ツ Post Modification : Must commonly fill sec not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Sabtu, 30 Mei 2009
Passive Voice
| Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used. The Generic Structure/Formula :
Passive Voice in Tenses : 1. Simple Present Tense · Active : V1(es/s) · Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3 2. Past tense · Active : V2(ed) · Passive : To be(was, were) + V3 3. Past Continous Tense · Active : To be(is, am, are) + Ving To be(was, were) + Ving · Passive : To be(is, am, are) + Being V3 To be(was, were) + Being V3 4. Present Perfect Continous Tense · Active : been + Ving · Passive : been + being V3 5. Future Tense · Active : Be + Ving · Passive : Be + being V3 Examples of Passive Voice
Examples of Passive Voice
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Selasa, 26 Mei 2009
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